SQL Optimizer for Oracle 10.0

The Execution Plan shows that the SALES table is used as the driving table for the query. During NESTED LOOPS joins, one table is always used to drive the query. The Implications of the Driving Table in a NESTED LOOPS Join topic provides tuning guidance on the selection of a driving table for a NESTED LOOPS operation.

For each COMPANY_ID value in the SALES table, the COMPANY_ID index on the COMPANY table are checked to see if a matching value exists. If a match exists, the record is returned to the user via the NESTED LOOPS operation.

There are several important things to note about this query:

Although all of the primary key columns in the SALES table were specified in the query, the SALES_PK index was not used. The SALES_PK index was not used because there was not a limiting condition on the leading column (the COMPANY_ID column) of the SALES_PK index. The only condition on SALES.COMPANY_ID is a join condition.
The optimizer could have selected either table as the driving table. When the COMPANY table is the driving table, Oracle performs a full table scan.
In rule-based optimization, when there is equal chance of using an index regardless of the choice of the driving table, the driving table is the one that is listed last in the FROM clause.
In cost-based optimization, the optimizer will consider the size of the tables and the selectivity of the indexes while selecting a driving table.

Interpreting the Order of Operations within NESTED LOOPS

NESTED LOOPS operations pose a special challenge when reading the output from PLAN_TABLE. Given the Explain path shown in the following listing, it displays that the first step in the Explain path is the scan of the COMPANY_PK index, since that is the innermost step of the Explain path.

NESTED LOOPS
TABLE ACCESS FULL SALES
TABLE ACCESS BY ROWID COMPANY
INDEX UNIQUE SCAN COMPANY_PK

Despite its placement as the innermost step, the scan of the COMPANY_PK index is not the first step in the Explain path. A NESTED LOOPS join needs to be driven by a row source (such as a full table scan or an index scan) - so to determine the first step within a NESTED LOOPS join, you need to determine which operations directly provide data to the NESTED LOOPS operation. In this example, two operations provide data directly to the NESTED LOOPS operation - the full table scan of SALES, and the ROWID access of the COMPANY table.

Of the two operations that provide data to the NESTED LOOPS operation, the full table scan of SALES is listed first. Therefore, within the NESTED LOOPS operation, the order of operations is:

The full table scan of SALES.
For each record in SALES, access COMPANY by Company_ID. Since an index (COMPANY_PK) is available on COMPANY.Company_ID, use that index via a unique scan.
For each ROWID returned from the COMPANY_PK index, access the COMPANY table (to get the NAME value, as requested by the query).

When reading the Explain path for a NESTED LOOPS operation, you need to look first at the order of the operations that directly provide data to it, and determine their order.

Tuning Advice

Manage Multi-Table Joins (NESTED LOOPS and MERGE JOINS)

Implications of the Driving Table in a NESTED LOOPS Join

OUTER JOIN

Execution Plan image: $image\Plan_Connect_By_Outer.gif$ , $image\Plan_Merge_Join_Outer.gif$ , $image\Plan_Nested_Loops.gif$ or $image\Plan_Hash_Join_Cartesian.gif$

Join or Set operation.

OUTER JOINS are used with CONNECT BY, MERGE JOIN, NESTED LOOPS and HASH JOIN operations. OUTER JOIN enables rows from the driving table to be returned to the calling query even though no matching rows were found in the joined table. The following example is based on the same query illustrated in the NESTED LOOPS topic, using an OUTER JOIN, instead.