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NetVault Plug-in for MySQL 12.2 - User Guide

Introducing NetVault Backup Plug-in for MySQL Installing and removing the plug-in Configuring the plug-in Backing up data Restoring data Working with native MySQL replication Using the plug-in in a Failover Cluster environment Troubleshooting

Backing up data: an overview

Before completing a backup, review the information in the following topics:

If you intend to use the MySQL Standard/Community option, review the following guidelines and information:

If your environment uses databases whose names contain special characters, such as hyphens, be aware of the following limitations:

If the database name contains hyphens, MyISAM tables are backed up if the MyISAM Backup Method is set to the Mysqldump option introduced in version 4.2. Performance of backups and restores might be negatively affected.
If the MyISAM Backup Method is set to use the default Lock & Copy Table Files option and the database name contains hyphens, MyISAM tables are not backed up. Backups are not generated because the plug-in bypasses MySQL commands and tries to copy the table files directly. The plug-in logs an error message indicating that the table file cannot be located, and then fails the backup job without creating a saveset.
If you want to maintain the original behavior and still use the Lock & Copy Table Files option for any reason, such as less-than-optimal performance impact when using the Mysqldump option, you can. To do so, manually set the ValidateDatabaseDirectory parameter to TRUE in the plug-in configuration file, “nvmysql.cfg,” as follows:
Using the MIXED Binary Logging Format

MySQL does not enforce the use of the USE statement when the MIXED Binary Logging Format is used. Therefore, Quest recommends that all database users and programs ensure that tables that are modified are in the database selected by USE, and that no cross-database updates are issued. If this guideline is not suitable for your environment, Quest recommends that you do not use the MIXED Binary Logging Format.

If your environment uses the MIXED Binary Logging Format, it might prevent Binary Log entries from being replayed during a PIT Recovery. During recovery, the plug-in uses mysqlbinlog with the “‑‑database” option to replay only the entries related to the databases that you selected for the restore job. If “--database” is not used, all entries are replayed, which affects all databases. When the MIXED Binary Logging Format is used, entries are written in a way that might prevent mysqlbinlog with the “‑‑database” option from replaying some, or all, entries. For more information, see https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/mysqlbinlog.html#option_mysqlbinlog_database.

To ensure that the MIXED Binary Logging Format works correctly with the “--database” option, all transactions for specific updates to a database have to be issued under a USE statement that selects the database.

This same situation occurs if the Incremental or Differential Backups are not restored and mysqlbinlog applies the current Binary Log from the MySQL Server. This situation occurs because of how the Binary Log is written, not because of how the Binary Log is stored in the backup.

IMPORTANT: Ensuring that tables that you modify belong to the database specified in the USE statement applies to transactions that are generated through the MySQL command prompt. It also applies to transactions that are generated by scripts, programs, and other applications that interact with the MySQL Server databases.

The following examples demonstrate different ways in which MIXED affects recovery behavior.

Example 1: In this example, a row of data is inserted into my_table of my_database. There is no USE statement, so the database in use is the default database, for example, mysql database. If binlog_format is set to MIXED, the following transaction is not replayed when mysqlbinlog applies the “‑-database my_database” option to the Binary Log.
Example 2: In this example, a row of data is inserted into my_table of my_database. There is a USE statement, but a different database is specified; that is, my_database is not selected in the USE statement. If binlog_format is set to MIXED, the following transaction is not replayed when mysqlbinlog applies the “‑-database my_database” option to the Binary Log.
Example 3: In this example, a row of data is inserted into my_table of my_database, and my_database is selected in a USE statement. If binlog_format is set to MIXED, the following transaction is replayed when mysqlbinlog applies the “‑-database my_database” option to the Binary Log.
Example 4: In this example, there are two insert queries. The first insert is done for my_database, which is different than the database selected in the USE statement. The second insert is done under the scope of a USE statement that selects my_database. If binlog_format is set to MIXED, the first insert is not replayed because my_database is not specified in the USE statement, but the second insert is replayed because my_database is specified in the USE statement.

If you intend to use the MySQL Enterprise Backup option, review the following guidelines and information:

Example: You have a MySQL Instance with two databases, DB1 and DB2. Each database contains two tables: DB1 has T1_InnoDB and T1_MyISAM and DB2 has T2_InnoDB and T2_MyISAM. If you back up T1_MyISAM and T2_MyISAM, T1_InnoDB and T2_InnoDB are also backed up. If you include one of the InnoDB tables, only that InnoDB table is backed up. If you select one of the databases, only the tables in the database are backed up.
Example: You have a MySQL Instance with two databases, DB1 and DB2. Each database contains two tables: DB1 has T1_InnoDB and T1_MyISAM and DB2 has T2_InnoDB and T2_MyISAM. If you back up DB1 and DB2 and exclude T1_InnoDB and T2_InnoDB, T1_InnoDB and T2_InnoDB are also backed up. If you exclude only one of the two InnoDB tables, only the other InnoDB table is backed up.
This description reflects the current behavior of MySQL Enterprise Backup, mysqlbackup utility; this behavior might change in a future release, post-3.12, of MySQL.
In MySQL 5.6 and later, the innodb_file_per_table configuration option is enabled by default. Any InnoDB tables that are created with the innodb_file_per_table option disabled are stored in the InnoDB system tablespace; they cannot be omitted from the backup. If you must place an InnoDB table outside the tablespace, create it while the innodb_file_per_table option is enabled in MySQL. Each .ibd file contains the data and indexes of only one table.

Defining a backup strategy

When defining a MySQL backup strategy, answer the following questions:

Do I want to use the MySQL Standard/Community or MySQL Enterprise Backup option? Even if you have both versions implemented in your environment, you can only use one strategy with the plug-in. Use either the MEB-based method or the mysqldump-based method; you cannot use a mixture of the two.
If you use the MEB-based option, the mysqlbackup utility or applicable NetVault Backup script is run once for all the database objects that you select for backup, and a mysqlbackup output log is included in the job log. Backing up data involves two stages. In the first stage, all InnoDB tables are copied. In the second stage, all other types of tables are copied. In addition to supporting hot backup of InnoDB tables, the MEB-based option supports improved backup performance.

Answering these questions helps you define the type and frequency of backups that should be implemented.

Reviewing the backup types for MySQL Standard/Community

If you use the MySQL Standard/Community option, the plug-in uses  mysqldump to provide the following types of backup:

Understanding how these backups differ is the first step in selecting a suitable backup sequence that matches the data protection requirements for each MySQL Instance.

In a Full Backup for the MySQL Standard/Community option, the plug-in uses the mysqldump utility to back up every database included in the instance. Full Backups are the foundation of any backup strategy because they provide the starting point for almost every restore scenario. Full Backups generated with the plug-in can be used to restore an entire instance, individual or multiple databases, and individual or multiple tables.

The Purge Binary Logs after Full or Incremental Backup option ensures that Binary Logs are purged after a Full or Incremental Backup. This option is enabled by default when the plug-in is used with a standard MySQL Server configuration, Enable MySQL Replication is disabled, and Enable Point-In-Time Recovery is enabled. It is disabled when the plug-in is connected to a cluster; you must manage the purging of the Binary Logs outside of the plug-in.

IMPORTANT: In a mixed environment, where a NetVault Backup Server manages both clustered and standard MySQL Servers, do not reuse a Backup Options Set — created for a standard MySQL Server — for a MySQL-based cluster.

If you do not select the Purge Binary Logs… option, the plug-in tracks the Last Log Backed Up in its configuration file; you can manually purge Binary Logs at your discretion. For example, if you are using a MySQL replication environment where you do not want to purge Binary Logs from the Master Instance until they have been replicated to the Slave Instance, you are responsible for manually purging the Binary Logs.

An Incremental Backup backs up the transaction logs that were generated since the last Full or Incremental Backup, followed by purging the Binary Logs. Because the Binary Logs are instanced-based, the transaction logs for every database are backed up and purged as a unit.

Incremental Backups are essential in reducing data loss after a media failure or data corruption. You can use Incremental Backups to restore to a time before and after a data corruption, such as incorrect update or dropped table. Unlike Full Backups, Incremental Backups do not require read-only access during the backup.

MySQL Incremental Backups require that you start the MySQL Instance with the “‑log-bin” option, which enables the Binary Log. This procedure is outlined in Enabling the Binary Log on the MySQL Server (Standard/Community option only). For more information, see the Binary Log section in the MySQL Reference Guide.

As described earlier, the Purge Binary Logs after Full or Incremental Backup option ensures that Binary Logs are purged after a Full or Incremental Backup. If you do not use this option, the plug-in tracks the Last Log Backed Up in its configuration file, and you can manually purge Binary Logs at your discretion.

A Differential Backup backs up the transaction logs that were generated since the last Full or Incremental Backup. However, the Binary Logs are not purged at the completion of the backup. Therefore, subsequent Differential Backups increase in size and in duration. The size and duration increase because each backup of this type includes the Binary Logs that were also included in the previous Differential Backup and the Binary Logs that have been generated since the previous Differential Backup. For example, if a Full Backup was taken on Sunday with Differential Backups scheduled Monday through Saturday, Monday’s Differential includes the Binary Logs generated since the Full Backup on Sunday, while Tuesday’s Differential includes the Binary Logs generated on Monday and those logs generated on Tuesday. Wednesday’s Differential includes the Binary Logs for Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday, and so on.

Similar to an Incremental Backup, a Differential can also be used to reduce data loss after a media failure or data corruption, with the ability to restore to a time before and after the failure or corruption. Unlike a Full Backup, a Differential does not require read-only access during the backup.

Differential Backups require that you start the MySQL Instance with the “‑log-bin” option, which enables the Binary Log. This procedure is outlined in Enabling the Binary Log on the MySQL Server (Standard/Community option only). For more information, see the Binary Log section in the MySQL Reference Guide.

Because Incremental Backups purge the Binary Logs after they are backed up, subsequent Incrementals are quicker because only the Binary Logs that have been created since the last Incremental Backup are backed up. However, restore sequences that use Incremental Backups require that every Incremental taken between the Full Backup and the point of failure must be restored in succession. This process can lead to longer restores due to the increased DBA intervention required to initiate the multiple restore jobs.

Because Differential Backups do not purge the Binary Logs after they are backed up, each subsequent Differential Backup takes longer because all the Binary Logs since the last Full Backup are included in the backup. Nevertheless, restore sequences that use Differential Backups require that only one Differential Backup be restored after the Full Backup is restored. This process results in quicker restores because less DBA intervention is required during the restore process.

Sometimes a backup must be taken for a special purpose and should not affect the overall backup and restore procedures for a complete database. For example, backups can be a source for a test environment or as an initial synchronization for a replication slave instance. Individual Database/Table Copy Only Backups are designed for these special purposes, in that they allow you to “copy” a MySQL environment. “Copy Only” backups are independent of an established sequence of backups and do not affect the recoverability of Full, Incremental, or Differential Backups. However, they cannot be used as a replacement for a Full Backup.

As described for Individual Database/Table Copy Only Backups, the Entire Databases Copy Backup option is used only for special purposes as it creates a copy of the selected MySQL databases, including all the corresponding InnoDB tables of the selected databases. “Copy” backups are independent of an established sequence of backups and do not affect the recoverability of Full, Incremental, or Differential Backups. However, they cannot be used as a replacement for a Full Backup.

For each selected database, even if only one table of the database is selected, the Entire Databases Copy Backup option backs up the entire database. This option lets you select individual databases for backup, but it does not let you select individual tables. In addition, this option only supports the backing up of InnoDB tables.

The Individual Database/Table Copy Only Backup option lets you select individual databases and individual tables, and you can include InnoDB and MyISAM tables in the backup. However, backups are usually completed faster for the Entire Databases Copy Backup option than for the Individual Database/Table Copy Only Backup option.

Reviewing the backup types for MySQL Enterprise Backup

For the MySQL Enterprise Backup option, the plug-in runs the mysqlbackup command once for all selected database objects to achieve the following types of backup: Full, Incremental, and TTS.

In a Full Backup for the MySQL Enterprise Backup option, the plug-in uses the mysqlbackup utility or applicable NetVault Backup script to back up every selected database object included in the instance. Full Backups are the foundation of any backup strategy because they provide the starting point for almost every restore scenario. Full Backups generated with the plug-in can be used to restore an entire instance, individual or multiple databases, and individual or multiple tables.

For an InnoDB table, only data that changed since the last Full or Incremental Backup is backed up. For a non-InnoDB table, the entire table is backed up if anything has changed in the table since the last Full or Incremental Backup.

If you perform a TTS Backup, the plug-in issues a Full Backup and adds the “--use-tts” MySQL option.

If you intend to generate TTS Backups, be aware of the following limitations:

Only tables that were created with the innodb_file_per_table option enabled are included in the backup.

For more limitations on the use of the “--use-tts” option, see https://dev.mysql.com/doc/mysql-enterprise-backup/4.0/en/backup-partial-options.html.

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